PPsikologi & Pendidikan

Jurnal Minggu ke-18 Diklat CGP: Paradigma, Prinsip, dan Langkah Pengambilan Keputusan Dilema Etika

Berjumpa kembali dengan pembaca budiman. Kali ini saya akan berbagi jurnal refleksi minggu ke-18 Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Calon Guru Penggerak Angkatan 3 Kabupaten Sleman, Yogyakarta. Saya menggunakan model Reporting, responding, relating, reasoning, reconstructing (5R) yang diadaptasi dari model 5R (Bain, dkk, 2002, dalam Ryan & Ryan, 2013). 5M terdiri dari langkah-langkah berikut.
1. Mendeskripsikan (Reporting): menceritakan ulang peristiwa yang terjadi.
2. Merespon (Responding): menjabarkan tanggapan yang diberikan dalam menghadapi peristiwa yang diceritakan, misalnya melalui pemberian opini, pertanyaan, ataupun tindakan yang diambil saat peristiwa berlangsung.
3. Mengaitkan (Relating): menghubungkan kaitan antara peristiwa dengan pengetahuan, keterampilan, keyakinan atau informasi lain yang dimiliki.
4. Menganalisis (Reasoning): menganalisis dengan detail mengapa peristiwa tersebut dapat terjadi, lalu mengambil beberapa perspektif lain, misalnya dari teori atau kejadian lain yang serupa, untuk mendukung analisis tersebut.
5. Merancang ulang (Reconstructing): menuliskan rencana alternatif jika menghadapi kejadian serupa di masa mendatang.

Minggu ini saya memasuki alur belajar Eskplorasi Konsep dan Ruang Kolaborasi. Dalam alur belajar Eskplorasi Konsep, saya membaca materi mengenai paradigma, prinsip, dan langkah pengambilan keputusan dilema etika. Jika anda belum tahu atau lupa apa itu dilema etika, silakan baca di sini. Ada beberapa catatan yang saya buat terkait dengan materi ini. Dalam alur Ruang Kolaborasi, saya berbagi pengalaman dalam pengambilan keputusan dengan teman CGP lainnya baik secara sinkornus maupun asinkronus. Berikut materi selengkapnya yang saya pelajari

Paradigma Pengambilan Keputusan

Dalam keseharian, seringkali kita dihadapkan pada dilema etika. Ketika kita menghadapi dilema etika, akan ada nilai-nilai kebajikan yang mendasari tetapi saling bertentangan. Namun, secara umum terdapat pola, model atau paradigma yang terjadi ketika menghadapi dilema etika sebagai berikut.

  1. Individu lawan masyarakat (individual vs community)
  2. Rasa keadilan lawan rasa kasihan (Justice vs mercy)
  3. Kebenaran lawan kesetiaan (Truth vs loyalty)
  4. Jangka pendek lawan jangka panjang (Short term vs long term)

Individu lawan masyarakat (individual vs community)

Dalam paradigma ini orang yang menghadapi situasi dilema etika memiliki pertentangan antara  individu yang berdiri sendiri melawan sebuah kelompok besar atau mengalami konflik antara kepentingan pribadi emlawan kepentingan orang lain, atau kelompok kecil melawan kelompok besar. Dilema individu melawan masyarakat adalah bagaimana membuat pilihan antara apa yang benar untuk satu orang atau kelompok kecil dan apa yang benar untuk yang lain yang lebih besar. Sebagai contoh anda dihadapkan pada situasi kepentingan keluarga dengan kepentingan sekolah.

Rasa keadilan lawan rasa kasihan (Justice vs mercy)

Dalam paradigma ini ada pilihan antara mengikuti aturan tertulis atau tidak
mengikuti aturan sepenuhnya. Pilihan yang ada adalah memilih antara keadilan dan
perlakuan yang sama bagi semua orang di satu sisi, dan di sisi lain membuat pengecualian karena kemurahan hati dan kasih sayang. Kadang memang benar untuk memegang peraturan, tapi terkadang membuat pengecualian juga merupakan tindakan yang benar. Pilihan untuk menuruti peraturan dapat dibuat berdasarkan rasa hormat terhadap keadilan (atau samarata). Pilihan untuk membengkokkan peraturan dapat dibuat berdasarkan rasa kasihan (kebaikan). Sebagai contoh, sekolah membuat kesepakatan tidak tertulis bahwa siswa wajib menghidupkan kamera saat mengikuti google meet atau zoom meeting. Namun beberapa siswa berasal dari keluarga kurang mampu sehingga saya mengizinkan siswa-siswa etrsebut untuk off camera agar dapar hemat kuota. Situasi seperti ini menunjukkan bahwa saya berada pada dilema etika rasa keadilan lawan rasa kasihan.

Kebenaran lawan kesetiaan (Truth vs loyalty)

Kejujuran dan kesetiaan seringkali menjadi nilai-nilai yang bertentangan dalam situasi dilema etika. Kadang kita perlu untuk membuat pilihan antara berlaku jujur dan berlaku setia atau bertanggung jawab kepada orang lain. Apakah kita akan jujur menyampaikan informasi berdasarkan fakta atau kita menjunjung nilai kesetiaan
pada profesi, kelompok tertentu, atau komitmen yang telah dibuat sebelumnya. Sebagai contoh, saya memanggil murid saya yang mencontek dan supaya murid tersebut tidak mengulangi kembali, saya akan memberitahukan hal tersebut kepada orang tuanya. Namun siswa tersebut menjawab ia terpaksa mencontek karena takut nilainya jelek dan takut ancaman bapaknya yang akan melarang hobi sepak bola murid tersebut jika mendapatkan nilai jelek. Siswa tersebut berjanji akan belaajr lebih giat lagi dalam belajar dan tidak akan mengulangi kembali perbuatannya namun ia meminta saya agar tidak menyampaikan perihal itu kepada orang tuanya. Maka keputusan yang saya mabil berdasarkan kebenaran seharusnya saya melaporkan kepada orang tua agar siswa terebut jera tetapi saya melawan kesetiaan saya terhadap  murid saya.

Jangka pendek lawan jangka panjang (Short term vs long term)

Paradigma ini menempatkan kita pada situasi untuk memilih antara yang kelihatannya terbaik untuk saat ini dan yang terbaik untuk masa yang akan datang. Paradigma ini bisa terjadi di level personal dan permasalahan sehari-hari, atau pada level yang lebih luas, misalnya pada issue-issue dunia secara global, misalnya lingkungan hidup dll. Sebagai contoh, saya suka belanja menggunakan kantong plastik karena praktis sehingga dalam jangka pendek keputusan itu adalah hal terbaik, tetapi secara jangka panjang tidak baik karena plastik yang saya gunakan untuk membawa barang belanjaan saya akan mencemari lingkungan karena plastik membutuhkan waktu ratusan tahun untuk bisa terurai.

Prinsip Pengambilan Keputusan

Jika anda berada dalam dilema etika, prinsip manakah yang anda pilih dalam mengambil sebuah keputusan?

  1. Melakukan demi kebaikan orang banyak.
  2. Menjunjung tinggi prinsip-prinsip/nilai-nilai dalam diri Anda.
  3. Melakukan apa yang Anda harapkan orang lain akan lakukan kepada diri Anda.

Berpikir Berbasis Hasil Akhir (Ends-Based Thinking)

Jika kita berada pada situasi dua pilihan dan memilih pilihan berdasarkan mana yang lebih baik bagi banyak orang maka kita menggunakan prinsip berpikir berbasis hasil akhir (Ends-based thinking). Namun prinsip ini mendapat kritikan karena manusia pada dasarnya tidak bisa memprediksi semua akibat atau konsekuensi dari setiap keputusan atau tindakan-tindakannya untuk melihat semua konsekuensi dari perilaku seorang individu saja, terlebih lagi konsekuensi dari tindakan masyarakat.

Berpikir Berbasis Peraturan (Rule-Based Thinking)

Jika kita berada pada situasi dua pilihan dan memilih pilihan berdasarkan mana yang mengikuti prinsip atau aturan-aturan yang telah ditetapkan, maka kita menggunakan prinsip berpikir berbasis peraturan (Rule-based thinking). Namun prinsip ini mendapat kritikan karena dianggap berlaku terlalu kaku dan mengabaikan keberagaman individualitas manusia, tidak mempedulikan hasil yang akan didapat namun lebih fkus kepada prinsip atau aturan dasar yang diyakini, dan selalu berpatokan pada apa yang sudah menjadi tugas dan kewajiban selama ini.

Berpikir Berbasis Rasa Peduli (Care-Based Thinking)

Jika kita berada pada situasi dua pilihan dan memutuskan sesuatu dengan pemikiran apa yang kita harapkan dari orang lain memperlakukan kita, maka kita menggunakan prinsip berpikir berbasis rasa peduli (Care-based thinking). Namun prinsip ini mendapat kritikan karena dianggap terlalu sederhana sebagai salah satu prinsip etika yang utama karena tidak memberikan pilihan khusus atau menunjang nilai-nilai kebajikan yang ideal. Prinsip ini dipandang gaga memberikan contoh kebajikan jika situasinya melibatkan kedua belah pihak yang sama-sama melakukan tindakan yang kurang terpuji.

Langkah Pengambilan Keputusan

Seperti yang sudah saya jelaskan sebelumnya, seringkali kita mengalami kebingungan dalam mengambil sebuah keputusan ketika dihadapkan apda dua atau lebih pilihan yang sulit antara benar vs benar (dilema etika) maupun benar vs salah (bujukan moral). Berikut adalah langkah yang dapat digunakan agar kita dapat mengambil keputusan terbaik ketika berada pada situasi dilema etika maupun bujukan moral.

  1. Mengenali nilai-nilai yang saling bertentangan, misalnya jujur lawan tidak setia.
  2. Menentukan siapa yang terlibat dalam situasi ini, misalnya guru, murid, kepala sekolah, orang tua siswa.
  3. Kumpulkan fakta-fakta yang relevan dengan situasi ini secara lengkap dan detail, yaitu apa yang terjadi di awal situasi tersebut, bagaimana hal itu terkuak, apa yang akhirnya terjadi, siapa berkata apa pada siapa, kapan mereka mengatakannya.
  4. Pengujian benar atau salah menggunakan uji legal (Apakah ada aspek pelanggaran hukum?), uji regulasi (Apakah ada pelanggaran peratusan atau kode etik?), uji intuisi (Apakah berlawanan dengan keyakinan anda?), uji publikasi (Apakah anda merasa tidak nyaman jika keputusan anda dipublikasikan di media?), uji panutan/ idola (Apa yang akan dilakukan oleh idola anda?).
  5. Pengujian paradgima benar lawan benar: indivdua lawan masyarakat, rasa ekadilan lawan rasa aksihan, kebenaran lawan kesetiaan, dan jangka pendek lawan jangka panjang.
  6. Melalukan prinsip resolusi, yaitu berpikir berbasis hasil akhir, berpikir berbasis peraturan, dan berpikir berbasis rasa peduli.
  7. Investigasi opsi trilema, yaitu mengambil atau membuat keputusan di luar pilihan yang tersedia.
  8. Buat keputusan, yaitu ketika kita sudah berada pada titik pengambilan keputusan yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara moral.
  9. Liaht lagi keputusan dan refleksikan, yaitu apakah keputusan yang kita ambil dapat dijadikan acuan bagi kasus-kasus selanjutnya.

Dari penjawaban mengenai 4 paradigma, 3 prinsip dan 9 langkah pengambilan keptusan dilema etika mapun bujukan moral, menurut saya penting bagi semua orang agar dapat mengambil keputusan yang paling bijaksana bagi semua pihak. Mengapa penting? Karena semua orang pasti mengalami situasi-situasi sepeti ini dalam kehidupan sehari-hari di lingkungan manapun, misalnya lingkungan kelaurga, tempat kerja, maupun masyakat Sebagai guru, saya harus banyak berlatih untuk menerapkan paradgima, prinsip dan langkah tersebut dalam mengambil suatu keputusan ketika berada pada situasi dilema etika maupun bujukan moral di sekolah sehingga di masa depan saya kan mampu membuat keputusan-keputusan yang paling bijaksana yang membawa kebaikan untuk semua pihak.

Demikian yang bisa saya sampaikan pada kesempatan ini. terima kasih telah berkenan membaca dan semoga bermanfaat.

 

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